Childhood Maltreatment - Confirmed Maltreatment - Phenotype
John, A., McGregor, J., Marchant, A., Delpozobanos, M., Farr, I., Nurmatov, U., Kemp, A., Naughton
PH1115 / 2457 Clinical-Coded Phenotype
Overview
Phenotype TypeDisease or syndromeSexBothValid Event Date RangeNo dataCoding SystemICD10 codesRead codes v2Data SourcesNo dataCollectionsAdolescent Data Platform (ADP)DATAMINDPhenotype LibraryTagsNo dataDefinition
We have developed and externally validated a list of codes to identify childhood maltreatment. There are separate code lists for ICD 10 and Read codes.This definition encompasses neglect, physical and sexual maltreatment, and includes codes for genital mutilation, and child protection codes (read code list only).
These codes were developed for children aged 0 to 18 years, unless otherwise specified. We identify childhood maltreatment using the concepts described below. Each coding system has multiple concepts corresponding to subtypes of maltreatment (neglect, physical, sexual, psychological and other).
For Read Code lists within each subtype of maltreatment are:
- Core code lists that are to be included in all studies seeking to identify maltreatment
- Historical codes lists indicating historical maltreatment (e.g. history of child abuse).
The latter should be excluded in studies seeking to identify incident (first ever) cases of maltreatment.
This code lists has been externally validated against a clinical database of clinician confirmed hospital presenting maltreatment as the gold standard (John et al., in press). Our codes lists were developed from existing literature (e.g. Chandan et al., 2020; Chandan et al., 2019; Syed et al., 2022; Woodman et al., 2012), conducting our own searches for codes that may be indicate maltreatment, risk or cause for concern; and finally based upon clinician judgement. This list is more comprehensive than those previously published encompassing codes for genital mutilation and child protection codes (child protection codes in read codes only).
In keeping with previous research, we tiered our code list into those strongly indicating maltreatment (current list), and those codes that may indicate possible or suspected maltreatment or potential vulnerability (See Possible Child Maltreatment) (Chandan et al., 2019; Syed et al., 2022).
Neglect
These code list refers to codes that unequivocally refer to maltreatment by neglect. These have been stratified by age (0-1 years and 0-18 years). Both of the core lists must be included to identify neglect. The decision to include historical codes must be made based on the individual study (see above)
- Neglect 0-1 years – Read Codes (core): Contains codes specific to neglect of infants aged up to 1 year
- Neglect – Read Codes (core): Refers to neglect for any individual aged up to the age of 0-18 years
- Neglect – Read Codes (historical): Refers to historical neglect for individuals aged up to aged 0-18 years (e.g. history of neglect)
- Neglect-ICD 10: Refers to ICD 10 codes for neglect for any individual aged up to the age of 0-18
Physical Maltreatment
This list refers to codes that unequivocally refer to Physical maltreatment. All codes for physical maltreatment refer to individuals aged 0-18 years with no further age stratification. The core list must be included to identify physical maltreatment. The decision to include historical codes must be made based on the individual study (see above).
- Physical maltreatment -Read Codes (core)
- Physical maltreatment -Read Codes (historical)
- Physical Maltreatment ICD-10
Psychological Maltreatment
This list refers to codes that unequivocally refer to psychological maltreatment. All codes for psychological maltreatment refer to individuals aged 0-18 years with no further age stratification. The core list must be included to identify psychological maltreatment. The decision to include historical codes must be made based on the individual study (see above).
- Psychological maltreatment – Read Codes (core)
- Psychological maltreatment – Read Codes (historical)
- Psychological Maltreatment ICD-10
Sexual Maltreatment
This list refers to codes that unequivocally refer to sexual maltreatment. The core lists must be included to identify sexual maltreatment. The decision to include historical codes must be made based on the individual study (see above).
- Sexual maltreatment – Read Codes (core)
- Sexual maltreatment – Read Codes (Historical)
- Sexual Maltreatment – ICD 10
Other Maltreatment
This list refers to codes that unequivocally refer to maltreatment that doesn't fit into one of the above categories. All codes for other maltreatment refer to individuals aged 0-18 years with no further age stratification. The core list must be included to identify ‘other’ maltreatment. The decision to include historical codes must be made based on the individual study (see above).
Implementation
Implementation
Clinical Code List
PUBLISHED - 177 Codes
PUBLISHED - 34 Codes
Publication
John, A., McGregor, J., Marchant, A., Delpozobanos, M., Farr, I., Nurmatov, U., Kemp, A., Naughton, A Case-finding for CM: an external validation study using a clinically assessed hospital-based cohort of suspected cases. [in press]
John, A., McGregor, J., Fone, D., Dunstan, F., Cornish, R., Lyons, R. A., & Lloyd, K. R. (2016). Case-finding for common mental disorders of anxiety and depression in primary care: an external validation of routinely collected data. BMC medical informatics and decision making, 16(1), 1-10.
Chandan, J. S., Gokhale, K. M., Bradbury-Jones, C., Nirantharakumar, K., Bandyopadhyay, S., & Taylor, J. (2020). Exploration of trends in the incidence and prevalence of childhood maltreatment and domestic abuse recording in UK primary care: a retrospective cohort study using the health improvement network database. BMJ Open, 10(6), e036949. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036949
(DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036949)Chandan, J. S., Thomas, T., Gokhale, K. M., Bandyopadhyay, S., Taylor, J., & Nirantharakumar, K. (2019). The burden of mental ill health associated with childhood maltreatment in the UK, using The Health Improvement Network database: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry, 6(11), 926-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30369-4
(DOI:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30369-4)Syed, S., Gonzalez-Izquierdo, A., Allister, J., Feder, G., Li, L., & Gilbert, R. (2022). Identifying adverse childhood experiences with electronic health records of linked mothers and children in England: a multistage development and validation study. The Lancet Digital Health.
Woodman, J., Freemantle, N., Allister, J., de Lusignan, S., Gilbert, R., & Petersen, I. (2012). Variation in recorded child maltreatment concerns in UK primary care records: a cohort study using The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database. PLoS One, 7(11), e49808. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049808
(DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0049808)
Citation Example
John, A., McGregor, J., Marchant, A., Delpozobanos, M., Farr, I., Nurmatov, U., Kemp, A., Naughton. PH1115 / 2457 - Childhood Maltreatment - Confirmed Maltreatment - Phenotype. Phenotype Library [Online]. 25 September 2023. Available from: http://phenotypes.healthdatagateway.org/phenotypes/PH1115/version/2457/detail/. [Accessed 18 October 2024]
API
To Export Phenotype Details:
Format API JSON site_root/api/v1/phenotypes/PH1115/version/2457/detail/?format=json R Package library(ConceptLibraryClient)
# Connect to API
client = ConceptLibraryClient::Connection$new(public=TRUE)
# Get details of phenotype
phenotype_details = client$phenotypes$get_detail(
'PH1115',
version_id=2457
)Py Package from pyconceptlibraryclient import Client
# Connect to API
client = Client(public=True)
# Get codelist of phenotype
phenotype_codelist = client.phenotypes.get_detail(
'PH1115',
version_id=2457
)To Export Phenotype Code List:
Format API JSON site_root/api/v1/phenotypes/PH1115/version/2457/export/codes/?format=json CSV site_root/phenotypes/PH1115/version/2457/export/codes/ R Package library(ConceptLibraryClient)
# Connect to API
client = ConceptLibraryClient::Connection$new(public=TRUE)
# Get codelist of phenotype
phenotype_codelist = client$phenotypes$get_codelist(
'PH1115',
version_id=2457
)Py Package from pyconceptlibraryclient import Client
# Connect to API
client = Client(public=True)
# Get codelist of phenotype
phenotype_codelist = client.phenotypes.get_codelist(
'PH1115',
version_id=2457
)Version History