Addictive medicines

PH3262 / 8251

OpenSAFELY

Jan 26, 2026

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OpenCodelists Phenotype

  1. Overview

    Codelist ID
    opensafely/addictive-medicines
    Version ID
    4f5cc587
    Coding System
    dm+d codes
    Collections
    OpenCodelistPhenotype Library
    Tags
    No data

  2. Definition

    This codelist was taken from OpenCodelists, created by OpenSAFELY. We recommend viewing this Phenotype on the OpenCodelist website to view the most recent version.

    Codelist for addictive medicines. Including Z-drugs, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids

    © University of Oxford for the Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science 2025. This work may be copied freely for non-commercial research and study.

  3. Methodology

    Inclusion criteria Z-drugs identified from BNF - Other medicines in class for (accessed 05/12/2022)

    Benzodiazepines identified from BNF - Other medicines in class (accessed 05/12/2022)

    Gabapentin and pregabalin (gabapentinoids)

    Exclusion Criteria

    Agents that are limited to use in anaesthetics (remimazolam) and parenteral preparations have been excluded. Diazepam for rectal administration as a rectal liquid (rather than suppository) omitted as predominant use is for status epilepticus. Flunitrazepam excluded as not prescribed in primary care.

    Borderline cases Nil

    References BNF Hypnotics and anxiolytics chapter Benzodiazepines included in analysis Z drugs included in analysis

  4. References

    Source Reference

    https://www.opencodelists.org/codelist/opensafely/addictive-medicines/4f5cc587

    References

  5. Clinical Codelist

  6. API

    To Export Phenotype Details:

    FormatAPI
    JSON site_root/api/v1/phenotypes/PH3262/version/8251/detail/?format=json
    R Package

    # Download here

    library(ConceptLibraryClient)


    # Connect to API

    client = ConceptLibraryClient::Connection$new(public=TRUE)


    # Get details of Phenotype

    phenotype_details = client$phenotypes$get_detail(
     'PH3262',
     version_id=8251
    )

    Py Package

    # Download here

    from pyconceptlibraryclient import Client


    # Connect to API

    client = Client(public=True)


    # Get details of Phenotype

    phenotype_detail = client.phenotypes.get_detail(
     'PH3262',
     version_id=8251
    )

    To Export Phenotype Code List:

    FormatAPI
    JSON site_root/api/v1/phenotypes/PH3262/version/8251/export/codes/?format=json
    R Package

    # Download here

    library(ConceptLibraryClient)


    # Connect to API

    client = ConceptLibraryClient::Connection$new(public=TRUE)


    # Get codelist of Phenotype

    phenotype_codelist = client$phenotypes$get_codelist(
     'PH3262',
     version_id=8251
    )

    Py Package

    # Download here

    from pyconceptlibraryclient import Client


    # Connect to API

    client = Client(public=True)


    # Get codelist of Phenotype

    phenotype_codelist = client.phenotypes.get_codelist(
     'PH3262',
     version_id=8251
    )

  7. Version History

    Version IDNameOwnerPublish date
    Addictive medicines ieuan.scanlon2026-01-26 23:08
    8250 Addictive medicines ieuan.scanlon2026-01-26 23:08