Background:
Self-harm is a major risk factor for suicide, with older adults (older than 65 years) having reportedly greater suicidal intent than any other age group. With the aging population rising and paucity of research focus in this age group, the extent of the problem of self-harm needs to be established. In a primary care cohort of older adults we aimed to investigate the incidence of self-harm, subsequent clinical management, prevalence of mental and physical diagnoses, and unnatural-cause mortality risk, including suicide.
Methods:
The UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink contains anonymised patient records from general practice that routinely capture clinical information pertaining to both primary and secondary care services. We identified 4124 adults aged 65 years and older with a self-harm episode ascertained from Read codes recorded during 2001–14. We calculated standardised incidence and in 2854 adults with at least 12 months follow-up examined the frequency of psychiatric referrals and prescription of psychotropic medication after self-harm. We estimated prevalence of mental and physical illness diagnoses before and after self-harm and, using Cox regression in a matched cohort, we examined cause-specific mortality risks.
Findings:
Overall incidence of self-harm in older adults aged 65 years and older was 4·1 per 10 000 person-years with stable gender-specific rates observed over the 13-year period. After self-harm, 335 (11·7%) of 2854 adults were referred to mental health services, 1692 (59·3%) were prescribed an antidepressant, and 336 (11·8%) were prescribed a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). Having a diagnosed previous mental illness was twice as prevalent in the self-harm cohort as in the comparison cohort (prevalence ratio 2·10 [95% CI 2·03–2·17]) and with a previous physical health condition prevalence was 20% higher in the self-harm cohort compared to the comparison cohort (1·20 [1·17–1·23]). Adults from the self-harm cohort (n=2454) died from unnatural causes an estimated 20 times more frequently than the comparison cohort (n=48 921) during the first year. A markedly elevated risk of suicide (hazard ratio 145·4 [95% CI 53·9–392·3]) was observed in the self-harm cohort.
Interpretation:
Within primary care, we have identified a group of older adults at high risk from unnatural death, particularly within the first year of self-harm. We have highlighted a high frequency of prescription of TCAs, known to be potentially fatally toxic in overdose. We emphasise the need for early intervention, careful alternative prescribing, and increased support when older adults consult after an episode of self-harm and with other health conditions.
Catherine Morgan, Roger T Webb, Mathew J Carr, Evangelos Kontopantelis, Carolyn A Chew-Graham, Nav Kapur, Darren M. Ashcroft, Self-harm in a primary care cohort of older people incidence, clinical management, and risk of suicide and other causes of death. Psychiatry, 5, 2018.
Code | Description | Entity type | Coding System (ICD-10 Read) | Category |
---|---|---|---|---|
C310400 | Glycogenosis with hepatic cirrhosis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
C350012 | Pigmentary cirrhosis of liver | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J600200 | Acute yellow atrophy | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J601200 | Subacute yellow atrophy | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J61..00 | Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J612.00 | Alcoholic cirrhosis of liver | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J612.11 | Florid cirrhosis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J614.00 | Chronic hepatitis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J614000 | Chronic persistent hepatitis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J614100 | Chronic active hepatitis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J614200 | Chronic aggressive hepatitis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J614300 | Recurrent hepatitis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J614y00 | Chronic hepatitis unspecified | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J614z00 | Chronic hepatitis NOS | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J615.00 | Cirrhosis - non alcoholic | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J615.11 | Portal cirrhosis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J615100 | Multilobular portal cirrhosis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J615300 | Diffuse nodular cirrhosis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J615400 | Fatty portal cirrhosis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J615700 | Cardiac portal cirrhosis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J615C00 | Xanthomatous portal cirrhosis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J615y00 | Portal cirrhosis unspecified | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J615z00 | Non-alcoholic cirrhosis NOS | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J615z11 | Macronodular cirrhosis of liver | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J615z12 | Cryptogenic cirrhosis of liver | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J615z13 | Cirrhosis of liver NOS | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J616.00 | Biliary cirrhosis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J616000 | Primary biliary cirrhosis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J616100 | Secondary biliary cirrhosis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J616z00 | Biliary cirrhosis NOS | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J617000 | Chronic alcoholic hepatitis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J61y300 | Portal fibrosis without cirrhosis | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J633.00 | Hepatitis unspecified | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
J635600 | Toxic liver disease with fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
Jyu7100 | [X]Other and unspecified cirrhosis of liver | res69: mild_liver_disease | Read | diagnostic |
Code | Description | Entity type | Coding System (ICD-10 Read) | Category |
---|---|---|---|---|
B18 | Chronic viral hepatitis | res69: mild_liver_disease | ICD-10 | diagnostic |
K70.0 | Alcoholic fatty liver | res69: mild_liver_disease | ICD-10 | diagnostic |
K70.1 | Alcoholic hepatitis | res69: mild_liver_disease | ICD-10 | diagnostic |
K70.2 | Alcoholic fibrosis and sclerosis of the liver | res69: mild_liver_disease | ICD-10 | diagnostic |
K70.3 | Alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver | res69: mild_liver_disease | ICD-10 | diagnostic |
K70.9 | Alcoholic liver disease, unspecified | res69: mild_liver_disease | ICD-10 | diagnostic |
K71 | Toxic liver disease | res69: mild_liver_disease | ICD-10 | diagnostic |
K73 | Chronic hepatitis, not elsewhere classified | res69: mild_liver_disease | ICD-10 | diagnostic |
K74 | Fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver | res69: mild_liver_disease | ICD-10 | diagnostic |
K76.0 | Fatty (change of) liver, not elsewhere classified | res69: mild_liver_disease | ICD-10 | diagnostic |
To Export Phenotype Details:
Format | API |
---|---|
XML | site_root/api/v1/public/phenotypes/PH884/version/1847/detail/?format=xml |
JSON | site_root/api/v1/public/phenotypes/PH884/version/1847/detail/?format=json |
R Package |
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To Export Phenotype Code List:
Format | API |
---|---|
XML | site_root/api/v1/public/phenotypes/PH884/version/1847/export/codes/?format=xml |
JSON | site_root/api/v1/public/phenotypes/PH884/version/1847/export/codes/?format=json |
CSV | site_root/phenotypes/PH884/version/1847/export/codes/ |
R Package |
|
Version ID |
Name | Owner | Publish date | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1847 | Mild Liver Disease | ieuan.scanlon | 2022-04-04 | currently shown |
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