BACKGROUND:
With recent changes in the United Kingdom’s clinical practice for diabetes mellitus care, contemporary estimates of sex disparities in cardiovascular risk and risk factor management are needed.
METHODS:
In this retrospective cohort study, using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to hospital and death records for people in England, we identified 79 985 patients with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) between 2006 to 2013 matched to 386 547 patients without diabetes mellitus. Sex-stratified Cox models were used to assess cardiovascular risk.
RESULTS:
Compared with women without T2DM, women with T2DM had a higher cardiovascular event risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.20 [95% confidence interval, 1.12–1.28]) with similar corresponding data in men (hazard ratio, 1.12 [1.06–1.19]), leading to a nonsignificant higher relative risk in women (risk ratio, 1.07 [0.98–1.17]). However, some important sex differences in the management of risk factors were observed. Compared with men with T2DM, women with T2DM were more likely to be obese, hypertensive, and have hypercholesterolemia, but were less likely to be prescribed lipid-lowering medication and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, especially if they had cardiovascular disease.
CONCLUSIONS:
Compared with men developing T2DM, women with T2DM do not have a significantly higher relative increase in cardiovascular risk, but ongoing sex disparities in prescribing should prompt heightened efforts to improve the standard and equity of diabetes mellitus care in women and men.
Alison K Wright,Evangelos Kontopantelis, Richard Emsley, Ian Buchan, Mamas A Mamas, Naveed Sattar, Darren M Ashcroft, Martin K Rutter, , Cardiovascular Risk and Risk Factor Management in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus A Population-Based Cohort Study Assessing Sex Disparities. Circulation, 139:2742-2753, 2019.
| Code | Description | Entity type | Category | Coding System (Read) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9S1..00 | White | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S10.00 | White British | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S11.00 | White Irish | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S13.00 | White Scottish | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S14.00 | Other white British ethnic group | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S2..00 | Black Caribbean | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S3..00 | Black African | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S4..00 | Black; other; non-mixed origin | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S41.00 | Black British | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S42.00 | Black Caribbean/W.I./Guyana | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S42.11 | Black Caribbean | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S42.12 | Black West Indian | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S42.13 | Black Guyana | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S43.00 | Black N African/Arab/Iranian | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S43.11 | Black North African | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S43.12 | Black Arab | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S43.13 | Black Iranian | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S44.00 | Black - other African country | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S45.00 | Black E Afric Asia/Indo-Caribb | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S45.11 | Black East African Asian | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S45.12 | Black Indo-Caribbean | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S47.00 | Black - other Asian | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S48.00 | Black Black - other | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S5..00 | Black - other; mixed | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S51.00 | Other Black - Black/White orig | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S52.00 | Other Black - Black/Asian orig | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S6..00 | Indian | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S7..00 | Pakistani | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S8..00 | Bangladeshi | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9S9..00 | Chinese | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SA..00 | Other ethnic non-mixed (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SA2.00 | Brit. ethnic minor. unsp (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SA3.00 | Caribbean I./W.I./Guyana (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SA3.11 | Caribbean Island (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SA3.12 | West Indian (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SA3.13 | Guyana (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SA4.00 | N African Arab/Iranian (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SA4.11 | North African Arab (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SA4.12 | Iranian (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SA5.00 | Other African countries (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SA6.00 | E Afric Asian/Indo-Carib (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SA6.11 | East African Asian (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SA6.12 | Indo-Caribbean (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SA7.00 | Indian sub-continent (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SA8.00 | Other Asian (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SA9.00 | Irish (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SAA.00 | Greek/Greek Cypriot (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SAA.11 | Greek (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SAA.12 | Greek Cypriot (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SAB.00 | Turkish/Turkish Cypriot (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SAB.11 | Turkish (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SAB.12 | Turkish Cypriot (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SAC.00 | Other European (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SAD.00 | Other ethnic NEC (NMO) | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SB..00 | Other ethnic; mixed origin | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SB1.00 | Other ethnic; Black/White orig | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SB2.00 | Other ethnic; Asian/White orig | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SB3.00 | Other ethnic; mixed white orig | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SB4.00 | Other ethnic; other mixed orig | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SB5.00 | Black Caribbean and White | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SB6.00 | Black African and White | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SC..00 | Vietnamese | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SG..00 | Other black ethnic group | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SH..00 | Other Asian ethnic group | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SI..00 | Irish traveller | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9SJ..00 | Other ethnic group | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i0..00 | British or mixed British - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i00.00 | White British - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i1..00 | Irish - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i10.00 | White Irish - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i2..00 | Other White background - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i20.00 | English - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i21.00 | Scottish - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i22.00 | Welsh - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i26.00 | Cypriot (part not stated) - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i27.00 | Greek - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i28.00 | Greek Cypriot - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i29.00 | Turkish - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i2A.00 | Turkish Cypriot - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i2B.00 | Italian - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i2C.00 | Irish Traveller - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i2D.00 | Traveller - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i2E.00 | Gypsy/Romany - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i2F.00 | Polish - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i2H.00 | Commonwealth (Russian) Indep States - ethn categ 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i2J.00 | Kosovan - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i2K.00 | Albanian - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i2P.00 | Other republics former Yugoslavia - ethnic categ 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i2R.00 | Oth White European/European unsp/Mixed European 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i2S.00 | Other mixed White - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i2T.00 | Other White or White unspecified ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i3..00 | White and Black Caribbean - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i4..00 | White and Black African - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i5..00 | White and Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i6..00 | Other Mixed background - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i60.00 | Black and Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i61.00 | Black and Chinese - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i62.00 | Black and White - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i63.00 | Chinese and White - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i64.00 | Asian and Chinese - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i7..00 | Indian or British Indian - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i8..00 | Pakistani or British Pakistani - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9i9..00 | Bangladeshi or British Bangladeshi - ethn categ 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iA..00 | Other Asian background - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iA3.00 | East African Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iA4.00 | Sri Lankan - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iA5.00 | Tamil - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iA6.00 | Sinhalese - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iA7.00 | Caribbean Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iA8.00 | British Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iA9.00 | Mixed Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iB..00 | Caribbean - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iC..00 | African - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iD..00 | Other Black background - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iD0.00 | Somali - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iD1.00 | Nigerian - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iD2.00 | Black British - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iE..00 | Chinese - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iF..00 | Other - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iF0.00 | Vietnamese - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iF1.00 | Japanese - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iF2.00 | Filipino - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iF3.00 | Malaysian - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iF9.00 | Arab - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iFA.00 | North African - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iFB.00 | Mid East (excl Israeli; Iranian & Arab) - eth cat 2001 cens | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iFD.00 | Iranian - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iFE.00 | Kurdish - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iFG.00 | Latin American - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iFH.00 | South and Central American - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iFJ.00 | Mauritian/Seychellois/Maldivian/St Helena eth cat 2001census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
| 9iFK.00 | Any other group - ethnic category 2001 census | res72: Ethnicity | diagnostic | Read |
To Export Phenotype Details:
| Format | API |
|---|---|
| XML | site_root/api/v1/public/phenotypes/PH922/version/1923/detail/?format=xml |
| JSON | site_root/api/v1/public/phenotypes/PH922/version/1923/detail/?format=json |
| R Package |
|
To Export Phenotype Code List:
| Format | API |
|---|---|
| XML | site_root/api/v1/public/phenotypes/PH922/version/1923/export/codes/?format=xml |
| JSON | site_root/api/v1/public/phenotypes/PH922/version/1923/export/codes/?format=json |
| CSV | site_root/phenotypes/PH922/version/1923/export/codes/ |
| R Package |
|
| Version ID |
Name | Owner | Publish date | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1923 | Ethnicity | ieuan.scanlon | 2022-04-04 | currently shown |
Export - export all codes into a csv file/JSON/XML for the current phenotype version.
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